Things that stand out and help your understanding
Combustion, or burning, is a rapid, self-sustaining chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat.
For combustion to occur, three things must normally be present: a fuel, an oxidizer, and an ignition stimulus.
Scientists often desire an even mixture of the component parts of fuels so that models developed for their experiments can use simplified sets of equations to represent the processes that occur.
In premixed gas flame research, the fuel and oxidizer gases are completely mixed prior to ignition. Scientists are interested in flame speed
Gravity can strongly affect both flame speed and flammability limits, chiefly through buoyancy effects.
Things you question
Sedimentation was the only word that I did not understand and would like to look into
Sedimentation is a process of separating specifically heavier, suspended matter, than the solution is. Solid matter settles on the bottom of the vessel and the liquid above it is poured off.
Things that make you think deeper (or thought was cool)
Gravity and moisture affects the performance of the motor
Hydrogen Balloon explosion
We started off with mixing magnesium, citric acid and water in a flask. First we poured the citric acid in the flask and then we had a thin line of magnesium that we coiled up and cut shorts to fit inside. Then we added the water and as soon as we poured the liquid in we placed a balloon on top of the flask and when all those components bond it releases hydrogen, and hydrogen is flammable, so we waited for all the gas to go in the balloon and then we tied it up. Then to test the flammability we had a candle on a stick and the balloon blew up.
Hydrogen Balloon Update
Every element wants/haves to have 4 electrons in its inner layer and 8 electrons in every additional layer after that. When we mixed the citric acid and the magnesium, hydrogen is being released in order for the two object to bond. The reason that the hydrogen is being released because magnesium has a faster chemical reaction than hydrogen. We captured the hydrogen inside a balloon by placing the hole in the balloon on top of the flask. The reason that the balloon was floating was because hydrogen is lighter than oxygen and nitrogen, which is what we call "air". Once the balloon is filled with the hydrogen gas we then burned the rubber on the balloon to release the gas in the "air". Hydrogen is known as an unstable element because it does not have a completed energy shell. So when as soon as it is released into the air it tries to bond with oxygen to become stable and whenever elements bond with each other they release a lot of energy. With all this energy in the air we add a little spark of fire and it turnes the energy into light and heat and we see a huge flame.
What is science update
Science is when somebody notices something about the world. When they notice something that has not been proven yet the create a hypothesis and then try to prove their hypothesis using science. Science is basically just proving the unproven things about the universe.
Light Hypothesis
All the light in the universe is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of gamma waves all the way to radio waves. Something with the most energy has short waves but scatters, The reason we have a blue sky is because blue has shortest waves of light visible to humans. So rather than the blue going all the way down to earth it spreads out in space. Each element burns into different colors because of electrons emission. What those are are electrons jumping to outer shells and that creates a lot of energy which emits light. Iron Burns into red. Potassium burnes purple, and Magnesium burns a super bright white. Now When we see light, are we actually seeing the true color of just a reflection?
Phases of Matter
There are two things that affect the phases of matter that determine whether something is solid, liquid or gas and those are pressure and temperature. Dry ice is super cold at room temperature, but when you increase the temperature the solid turns into a gas and that is called sublimation. I Had dry ice for halloween and when I dropped it in water is started boiling, well what is happening is actually the water doesn't boil. In warm water, dry ice rapidly turns to a gas and bubbles out. Then, it carries water vapor into the air. It is very important to know the phase change diagram because every scientist knows it. When we filled the balloon with solid dry ice, it turned into a full balloon with gas in it. The reason that happened was because gases are made of kinetic energy and bounce around all over the place inside the balloon.
Phases of Matter 2
The Earth's inner core is solid iron and nickel due to the extremely high pressure and temperature. The inner core is a great importance to living on this planet because the solid Iron creates the magnetic field. Without having the magnetic field, solar winds would hit our atmosphere which would cause it to slowly get destroyed. Our Outer core is also made out of iron and nickel but it is a liquid and our inner and outer core are both under extreme pressure and heat. Right between the outer layer and the crust holds the mantle which is made out of lava. When the surface of the earth cracks the magma will rise to the top which will then dry up into a rock and react with the air and surroundings, and that's how rocks are formed. The mantle is also made up of liquid silicates and silicates is a molecule that forms rocks. The crust of the earth is made up of solid silicate and it it the thinnest layer of our earth. In class we experimented on making rocks, we took the liquid silicate which is known as liquid glass and we poured that into a cylindrical flask and then we added the reactant. Then we sat and watched the reaction happen and those two molecules had just created rocks.
Properties of Matter
Hot air is less dense than colder air which makes the hot air rise. Normally when two objects come in contact with each other, the object that is less dense will rise up to the top. Let's take olive oil and water, if you put both of those contents in a glass, in whatever order you want, the object that is less dense will rise to the top and stay there. The reason that that happens is due to the volume and mass of the object. For this example the olive oil has less mass so it circulates to the top. In the class experiment, they recreated a mini hot air balloon. They had two pieces of balsa wood made into a cross and they each had a candle that they cut in half, then they heated the bottom of the candles to stick to the balsa wood then attached the bag to each of the corners of the cross. As more hot air rose from the candles the bag filled up with hot air and they no longer had to hold it. As time went by the bag started to become more buoyant. Eventually the bag becaume neutrally buoyant and floated in the air and stayed floating in one spot. Soon after that the balloon had a positive buoyancy and floated higher and higher and then they grabbed it so it wouldn't reach to the ceiling. The reason the bag lifted off the table was because the hot air molecules were pushing against the bag which caused it to rise.
Ocean Acidification
When I think about ocean acidification I think about the smaller words that it consists of, ocean and acid. It just makes me think of an acid ocean. As silly as that sounds, our ocean is getting more acidic due to the CO2 that we produce. Around 30-40% of the CO2 that we produce falls straight into our ocean and dissolves. The acidity of water is measured through pH, The neutral value of the pH level is 7 and the higher pH level you go the less acidic it gets and the lower you go the more acidic it is. The reason our CO2 is making the water acidic is because when the CO2 from the air mixes in with HO2 it makes another molecule called HCO3 with a negative 2 charge called carbonic acid. It is really bad when there is too much carbonic acid in the water because it destroys coral and kills animals on the bottom of the food chain. The water in the ocean is becoming more acidic and we need to do something about it or else it will cause mass extinction.
Invisible Ink
For our next lab project we decided to make disappearing ink. First we measured .1 grams of phenolphthalein into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask then we added 10 mL of ethanol and stirred until dissolved. Then we added 100 mL of distilled water and saw a creamy white color and then waited for the teacher to come and add 3 drops of sodium hydroxide and the mixture then turned dark red. The ethanol is there to help in the distillation in the water. As the whole mixture is exposed to carbon and the air the pH level drops because of the hydrogen ions that were made in the mixture, that makes the ink turn from red to invisible.